Masters Theses

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UNOBTAINABLE ELSEWHERE:THE GRAND CANYON, MULES, AND THE NATIONAL PARK'S MOST CONTROVERSIAL TRAIL

(Middle Tennessee State University, 2019) Abernathy, Robert Harris ; West, Carroll V. ; Martin, Brenden ; History

Over the past one hundred thirty years, tourism at the Grand Canyon has been associated with mules. With the Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe Railway’s arrival in 1901, canyon tourism was launched to a new level of popularity and with it the mule riding experience, both of which the railroad company intended to monopolize. One man more than any other sought to resist the railroad’s controlling attempts. Ralph Cameron used loosely interpreted mining laws to claim ownership over not only thousands of canyon acres, but also the Bright Angel Trail, which he charged a one-dollar toll for stock to pass over. Cameron’s political influence eventually earned him election both as a congressman and senator, a power he wielded to protect his assets. Situated at the trailhead, the Kolb Brothers photographic studio captured groups of descending riders each morning from 1904-1976. Located on contested ground, the studio’s owners fought to protect their slice of canyon tourism from federal land agencies and the railroad company.